Comparative Evaluation of 5G, WI-FI 6, AND LI-FI: A Performance-Centric Study in Modern Wireless Networks

Abstract

The record-breaking growth in wireless data traffic, boosted by mobile devices, Internet of Things (IoT), and real-time applications, has motivated the development of even more high-performance, low-latency, and scalable wireless communication technologies. 5G, Wi-Fi 6 (IEEE 802.11ax), and Li-Fi (Light Fidelity) are a few of the strongest newcomers to this field, with each possessing the potential to address some performance issues in certain application environments. This paper offers a comprehensive, performance-comparison of these three technologies across eight significant metrics: data rate, latency, coverage, mobility, energy efficiency, device density, interference tolerance, and security. Following an exhaustive literature review, standardized performance modelling, and context-specific application mapping, the paper elaborates on each technology's highs and lows and deployment suitability. Results indicate that 5G works optimally in wide-area, high-mobility; Wi-Fi 6 in dense, indoor; and Li-Fi in secure, EMI (Electro Magnetic Interference)-sensitive, and short-range environments. The manuscript foresees a hybrid, context-aware fusion of the mentioned technologies to meet next-generation wireless ecosystems' requirements. Results justify strategic network planning, technology rollout, and research in future converged wireless infrastructures.