Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles: A Comparative Review of Physical, Chemical and Biological Methods

Abstract

Metal Nanoparticles (MNPs) have been a subject of great interest because of their exclusive physical-chemical characteristics and extensive applications in many areas, including biomedicine, environmental cleanup, catalysis, and electronics. The way they are prepared is vital to their determination in size, morphology, and functionality. In this review, the current advances in the physical, chemical, and biological synthesis of MNPs are synthesized by using the recent high-impact articles. Focus is made on the mechanisms of the techniques, their benefits, limitations, and relative efficiencies. Future research areas and research gaps on scalable and sustainable nanoparticle production are also discussed in the review.